When the total context of education changes substantially, as a result of developments in society and educational theory, it may become necessary for educators to examine their assumptions and review their educational practices in the light of new developments. Such a critical examination may now be expedient, as current pedagogical thinking seems to be shifting away from the traditional behavioristic model of teaching as transmission of knowledge towards an experiential model whereby teaching is seen as transformation of existing or partly understood knowledge, based on constructivist views of learning. What is involved is nothing less than a major paradigmatic shift in educational theory, and the need for change is further motivated by ongoing developments in society.
The transmission model of teaching assumes that the teacher is the person in authority in the class whose job is to impart knowledge and skills to the learners. Knowledge is seen as definable in terms of right and wrong answers. Students tend to see their role as relatively passive recipients of the knowledge, expecting the teacher to be in charge of their learning.
The experiential model, on the other hand, would seem to offer potential for a learning atmosphere of shared partnership, a common purpose and a joint management of learning. Class behavior is owned by the whole group, of which the teacher is one member. As the rules of conduct are agreed upon jointly, all share the responsibility for decisions and discipline. Such rules are called ground rules. An essential feature of ground rules is that they are based on mutual trust and respect; they are agreed upon jointly, and they apply to all. The rules are there to remind the participants of their joint responsibilities. Knowledge is seen as open to negotiation and redefining by challenging existing constructions of meaning. Learning can become a discovery of new understandings. As there are __(43)__ underlying tensions, energy can be channeled into __(43)__ creative pursuits.
🔗 Texto adaptado de:
Viljo Kohonen. Experiential language learning: second language learning as cooperative learner education. In: David Nunan (ed.). Collaborative Language Learning and Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Para responder à questão seguinte, considere o texto acima.
Two models of teaching
Knowledge is seen as open to negotiation
Learning can become a discovery
In the above sentences and phrase, the nouns "teaching", "knowledge" and "learning" do not take an article because they are
singular nouns used to denote unique reference.
singular nouns used to denote specific reference.
uncountable nouns used to denote generic reference.
invariable plural nouns used to denote specific reference.
uncountable nouns used to denote unique reference.
FCC • SEED/SE • Professor de Inglês
Questão 44 • Gabarito: (C)
Two models of teaching
Knowledge is seen as open to negotiation
Learning can become a discovery
In the above sentences and phrase, the nouns "teaching", "knowledge" and "learning" do not take an article because they are
knowledge
learning
↓
uncountable nouns + generic reference
Em “Two models of teaching”, “teaching” refere-se à atividade ou conceito de ensino de maneira geral. Em “Knowledge is seen...”, “knowledge” representa conhecimento em sentido amplo. Já em “Learning can become...”, “learning” representa o processo de aprendizagem de forma genérica.
Portanto, a ausência de artigo não decorre de esses substantivos serem simplesmente “singulares”, mas de sua natureza incontável e de sua utilização com referência genérica.
Motor do Distrator: a FCC combina duas dimensões que precisam ser reconhecidas simultaneamente: countability e reference. A alternativa correta precisa identificar tanto a natureza incontável quanto o caráter genérico dos substantivos.
01. Comando: identificar por que os três substantivos aparecem sem artigo.
02. Gatilho: observar teaching, knowledge e learning nos contextos apresentados.
03. Operação: determinar a natureza gramatical e o tipo de referência dos substantivos.
04. Evidência: os três funcionam como uncountable nouns em sentido amplo.
05. Discriminação: distinguir generic reference de referência específica ou única.
06. Validação: substantivo incontável + referência genérica → zero article.
07. Decisão: selecionar (C) uncountable nouns used to denote generic reference.
❌ Distrator — Countability + Reference Error.
A alternativa classifica os três itens como substantivos singulares e atribui a eles referência única. Porém, teaching, knowledge e learning são empregados como substantivos incontáveis e representam conceitos de maneira geral, não uma entidade única.
❌ Distrator — Countability + Definiteness Trap.
A alternativa atribui aos substantivos uma referência específica. O contexto, entretanto, não aponta para um ensino, conhecimento ou processo de aprendizagem determinados, mas para os conceitos em sentido amplo. Além disso, sua classificação como substantivos singulares não explica adequadamente o uso sem artigo.
✅ CORRETA — Zero Article + Generic Reference.
É a única alternativa que identifica corretamente as duas características relevantes: teaching, knowledge e learning funcionam como substantivos incontáveis e apresentam referência genérica. Essa combinação explica a ausência de artigo.
❌ Distrator — Number/Reference Misclassification.
Os três substantivos não são plurais invariáveis. São nomes incontáveis empregados para representar conceitos ou atividades em sentido geral. A alternativa erra tanto na classificação de número quanto no tipo de referência.
❌ Distrator — Partial-Truth Trap.
A alternativa acerta ao reconhecer a natureza incontável dos substantivos, mas erra ao classificá-los como portadores de referência única. O contexto apresenta teaching, knowledge e learning em sentido genérico.
↓
uncountable nouns
↓
generic reference
↓
zero article
Theme: 28. Noun Phrases, Determiners, Possessives & Agreement (Noun Modifiers & Subject-Verb Agreement)
Content Topic: 11. Education
Subtheme: Zero Article with Uncountable Nouns — Generic Reference
Operação dominante: reconhecer substantivos incontáveis empregados com referência genérica e relacionar essa configuração ao uso do zero article.
Gabarito: (C)