P1 The Internet is believed to have much influence on foreign language syllabus design in the form that it may change the roles of the teacher as well as of the students insofar as some of the authority and power is transferred to the learners. First of all, it can be seen that the roles of the teacher as provider of information and the student as receptacle thereof have shifted radically. The students, through their self-access internet facilities, have access to huge amounts of information and, unlike the teacher, have more free time to explore it. With the Internet, learners will be more independent as active shapers of the knowledge they obtain and the information they process. This supports one of the ten principles on ESL critical pedagogy by Crookes and Lehner (1998), stating that “[T]he purpose of education is to develop critical thinking by presenting students’ situation to them as a problem so that they can perceive, reflect, and act on it” (p. 321). The Internet can be tremendously liberating for both teacher and students, and therefore significantly affects the syllabus of a course. P2 Second, in many cases students are IT (information technology) experts well ahead of their teachers, especially the senior ones. This entails the expanding responsibility that the teacher must have in encouraging students to think about what they are learning and why they are learning it. Also, students need to develop critical skills in order to use information fully and significantly, and teachers must be able to train them in these skills. Pennycook (2001) used the term critical literacy, proposing a new English curriculum in which students must develop not only knowledge of text content but also knowledge about texts and text genre. P3 Finally, the counseling role of the teacher is expanding as learners confront the need to make decisions about their learning. With the new role of language counseling, teachers must now expand the traditional guidance to incorporate a far greater number of tasks and a sequence in which they can be completed to best suit a student’s needs, in both cognitive and affective ways. In this view, “the teacher participates as a learner among learners” (Crookes & Lehner, 1998, p.321). In other words, language counseling involves teacher and student negotiating learning goals and paths. P4 In general, the Internet means very much to the learner-centred model because it is both a learning and a teaching tool. Laurillard (2008, p. 144) argued that technology is certainly part of the problem here, as it impacts increasingly on the conduct of education. It is new, ever-changing, expensive, difficult to master, complex to manage, wide-ranging in its potential, disruptive of existing systems. And although there is usually funding for the hardware and infrastructure, there has never been commensurate funding for staff development, training, content development and research so that teachers can appropriately incorporate internet-resources into their classroom syllabi. P5 Admittedly, there are some drawbacks and problems to consider when using the Internet in designing a syllabus. Anyway, it is clear if we are in favour of the argument that education must aim at teaching people to gather information from an extensive variety of sources, and to integrate what they have gathered into a coherent whole so that it becomes knowledge, then the Internet is a useful medium to achieve this aim. Therefore, language teachers ought to bear in mind the educational advantages and challenges of the Internet in order to regulate the teaching programmes to meet the learners’ needs.
🔗 Texto adaptado de:
NGUYEN, Long V. Technology-Enhanced EFL Syllabus Design and Materials Development. English Language Teaching, vol 1, n.2, December, 2008. www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/elt/article/view/465/475. Retrieved on August 29,2010.
The fragment “It is new, ever-changing, expensive, difficult to master, complex to manage, wide-ranging in its potential, disruptive of existing systems.” (lines 52-54) is illustrative of several language processes that contribute to reading comprehension.
All of the following language features are found in the fragment and could be highlighted by the teacher to help students grasp the form and meaning of this passage, but for
the pronoun “It”, an element of textual reference, to point out cohesive devices.
premodification in noun phrases, to show differences between the Portuguese and English languages.
the compound present continuous tense (verb to be + -ing participle), to illustrate the use of this verb form.
the structure ‘adjective + non-finite clause’ used as a premodifier, to contrast with its use in post-predicative position.
varied processes of word formation in the English language, showing different suffixes used for the same grammatical function.
Cesgranrio • SEPLAG (Pref. Salvador/BA) • Professor
Questão 45 • Gabarito: (C)
The fragment “It is new, ever-changing, expensive, difficult to master, complex to manage, wide-ranging in its potential, disruptive of existing systems.” (lines 52-54) is illustrative of several language processes that contribute to reading comprehension.
All of the following language features are found in the fragment and could be highlighted by the teacher to help students grasp the form and meaning of this passage, but for
(A) the pronoun “It”, an element of textual reference, to point out cohesive devices.
(B) premodification in noun phrases, to show differences between the Portuguese and English languages.
(C) the compound present continuous tense (verb to be + -ing participle), to illustrate the use of this verb form.
(D) the structure ‘adjective + non-finite clause’ used as a premodifier, to contrast with its use in post-predicative position.
(E) varied processes of word formation in the English language, showing different suffixes used for the same grammatical function.
O ponto decisivo está em “ever-changing”. Embora apresente a forma -ing, ela não integra uma locução verbal no Present Continuous. Em “It is ... ever-changing”, o verbo “is” funciona como verbo copular e “ever-changing” exerce função adjetival predicativa. Portanto, não temos a estrutura be + -ing participle funcionando como tempo verbal contínuo.
As demais características podem ser exploradas pedagogicamente no fragmento: “It” permite observar referência textual; estruturas nominais permitem discutir premodificação; expressões como “difficult to master” e “complex to manage” permitem observar adjetivo seguido de estrutura não finita; e formas como “ever-changing” e “disruptive” permitem trabalhar processos de formação lexical.
📌 Filtro B3GE™: primeiro identifique a forma; depois determine sua função sintática e seu papel na construção. -ing ≠ automaticamente Present Continuous.
01. Comando (Command): identificar a única característica linguística que não está presente no fragmento e que, portanto, não poderia ser destacada pelo professor.
02. Gatilho (Trigger): reconhecer “All of the following ... but for” como comando de identificação da exceção.
03. Operação (Operation): analisar a estrutura morfossintática do fragmento e verificar se cada descrição proposta corresponde efetivamente às formas linguísticas presentes.
04. Evidência (Evidence): observar “It”, as estruturas nominais modificadas, “ever-changing”, “difficult to master”, “complex to manage” e “disruptive”.
05. Discriminação (Discrimination): distinguir uma forma em -ing com função adjetival de um particípio presente integrante de uma locução verbal no Present Continuous.
06. Validação (Validation): confirmar que em “It is ... ever-changing” o verbo “is” funciona como cópula e “ever-changing” como adjetivo predicativo, não como particípio verbal de uma forma contínua.
07. Decisão (Decision): selecionar a alternativa (C) por atribuir incorretamente ao fragmento uma estrutura de Present Continuous.
❌ Categoria: Correta por Exclusão
Tipo: 09. Textual Reference & Coreference
Acerto B3GE™: A descrição é aplicável porque “It” exerce função referencial e recupera o referente discursivo da tecnologia discutida anteriormente. Portanto, o professor poderia utilizar esse elemento para destacar coesão e referência textual.
❌ Categoria: Correta por Exclusão
Tipo: 11. Word Formation
Acerto B3GE™: A descrição é compatível com o trabalho pedagógico sobre modificação nominal e diferenças de organização entre sintagmas nominais em inglês e português. A estrutura do fragmento permite explorar como elementos modificadores são organizados em inglês.
🟢 Categoria: Correta
Tipo: 03. Deslocamento de Classe Gramatical
Erro B3GE™: A alternativa classifica “ever-changing” como particípio integrante do Present Continuous. Porém, em “It is ... ever-changing”, “is” funciona como verbo copular e “ever-changing” funciona como adjetivo predicativo. A presença do sufixo -ing não transforma, por si só, a forma em verbo no Present Continuous.
❌ Categoria: Correta por Exclusão
Tipo: 27. Noun, Subordinate & Participle Clauses
Acerto B3GE™: A descrição pode ser explorada pedagogicamente a partir de estruturas como “difficult to master” e “complex to manage”, que apresentam adjetivo seguido de cláusula não finita. O fragmento, portanto, oferece material para contrastar diferentes posições e funções dessa construção.
❌ Categoria: Correta por Exclusão
Tipo: 11. Word Formation
Acerto B3GE™: O fragmento permite observar diferentes processos de formação lexical e formas adjetivais, como “ever-changing” e “disruptive”, com diferentes recursos morfológicos. A questão, portanto, possibilita ao professor destacar processos de formação de palavras e seus efeitos na construção do sentido.
Sim. “All of the following ... but for” exige encontrar a característica não presente no fragmento.
Em “ever-changing”. A forma contém -ing, mas sua função no trecho é adjetival predicativa.
Porque “is” funciona como cópula, não como auxiliar de uma forma verbal contínua. A estrutura é It + is + adjective.
A classificação deve considerar forma + função, e não apenas o sufixo. Assim, -ing não pode ser tomado automaticamente como evidência de Present Continuous.
-ing → verificar função → verificar relação com be → distinguir adjetivo de particípio verbal → Option C.
Theme: 11. Word Formation
SILO 3 • Content Topic: 11. Education
Subtema Técnico: Distinção entre formas em -ing de valor adjetival e estruturas verbais no Present Continuous, considerando sua formação e função sintática no contexto.