P1 The Internet is believed to have much influence on foreign language syllabus design in the form that it may change the roles of the teacher as well as of the students insofar as some of the authority and power is transferred to the learners. First of all, it can be seen that the roles of the teacher as provider of information and the student as receptacle thereof have shifted radically. The students, through their self-access internet facilities, have access to huge amounts of information and, unlike the teacher, have more free time to explore it. With the Internet, learners will be more independent as active shapers of the knowledge they obtain and the information they process. This supports one of the ten principles on ESL critical pedagogy by Crookes and Lehner (1998), stating that “[T]he purpose of education is to develop critical thinking by presenting students’ situation to them as a problem so that they can perceive, reflect, and act on it” (p. 321). The Internet can be tremendously liberating for both teacher and students, and therefore significantly affects the syllabus of a course. P2 Second, in many cases students are IT (information technology) experts well ahead of their teachers, especially the senior ones. This entails the expanding responsibility that the teacher must have in encouraging students to think about what they are learning and why they are learning it. Also, students need to develop critical skills in order to use information fully and significantly, and teachers must be able to train them in these skills. Pennycook (2001) used the term critical literacy, proposing a new English curriculum in which students must develop not only knowledge of text content but also knowledge about texts and text genre. P3 Finally, the counseling role of the teacher is expanding as learners confront the need to make decisions about their learning. With the new role of language counseling, teachers must now expand the traditional guidance to incorporate a far greater number of tasks and a sequence in which they can be completed to best suit a student’s needs, in both cognitive and affective ways. In this view, “the teacher participates as a learner among learners” (Crookes & Lehner, 1998, p.321). In other words, language counseling involves teacher and student negotiating learning goals and paths. P4 In general, the Internet means very much to the learner-centred model because it is both a learning and a teaching tool. Laurillard (2008, p. 144) argued that technology is certainly part of the problem here, as it impacts increasingly on the conduct of education. It is new, ever-changing, expensive, difficult to master, complex to manage, wide-ranging in its potential, disruptive of existing systems. And although there is usually funding for the hardware and infrastructure, there has never been commensurate funding for staff development, training, content development and research so that teachers can appropriately incorporate internet-resources into their classroom syllabi. P5 Admittedly, there are some drawbacks and problems to consider when using the Internet in designing a syllabus. Anyway, it is clear if we are in favour of the argument that education must aim at teaching people to gather information from an extensive variety of sources, and to integrate what they have gathered into a coherent whole so that it becomes knowledge, then the Internet is a useful medium to achieve this aim. Therefore, language teachers ought to bear in mind the educational advantages and challenges of the Internet in order to regulate the teaching programmes to meet the learners’ needs.
🔗 Texto adaptado de:
NGUYEN, Long V. Technology-Enhanced EFL Syllabus Design and Materials Development. English Language Teaching, vol 1, n.2, December, 2008. www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/elt/article/view/465/475. Retrieved on August 29,2010.
“In this view,” (line 42) refers to an educational perspective in which the
teachers and students invert roles and develop deeper cognitive and affective ties.
teachers and students negotiate the choice of learning aims and ways to achieve them.
teachers must struggle to preserve their roles as traditional guides in the classroom.
learners with more technological skills become the counselors in the educational system.
learners are fully capable of making decisions about their learning, without the teacher’s interference.
Cesgranrio • SEPLAG (Pref. Salvador/BA) • Professor
Questão 44 • Gabarito: (B)
“In this view,” (line 42) refers to an educational perspective in which the
(A) teachers and students invert roles and develop deeper cognitive and affective ties.
(B) teachers and students negotiate the choice of learning aims and ways to achieve them.
(C) teachers must struggle to preserve their roles as traditional guides in the classroom.
(D) learners with more technological skills become the counselors in the educational system.
(E) learners are fully capable of making decisions about their learning, without the teacher’s interference.
O trecho associado à expressão apresenta a ideia de language counseling, na qual teacher and student participam conjuntamente da definição dos learning goals e dos paths para alcançá-los. A relação é de negociação compartilhada, e não de substituição de um agente pelo outro.
📌 Filtro B3GE™: quando uma expressão demonstrativa como this view retoma uma perspectiva, não basta procurar uma palavra antecedente. É necessário recuperar o conteúdo conceitual encapsulado e testar qual alternativa o reproduz semanticamente.
01. Comando (Command): identificar a perspectiva educacional à qual se refere a expressão “In this view”.
02. Gatilho (Trigger): reconhecer “refers to” e o demonstrativo “this” como direcionadores para a recuperação de um antecedente conceitual.
03. Operação (Operation): recuperar a ideia ou perspectiva discursiva encapsulada por “this view” e relacioná-la à formulação correspondente nas alternativas.
04. Evidência (Evidence): localizar a discussão sobre language counseling, na qual professor e aluno participam da negociação de learning goals e paths.
05. Discriminação (Discrimination): separar a negociação conjunta entre professor e aluno de interpretações que impõem inversão absoluta de papéis, preservação do modelo tradicional, transferência do papel de counselor aos alunos ou autonomia sem participação docente.
06. Validação (Validation): confirmar que “negotiate the choice of learning aims and ways to achieve them” parafraseia semanticamente “teacher and student negotiating learning goals and paths”.
07. Decisão (Decision): selecionar a alternativa (B), pois ela identifica corretamente o conteúdo conceitual retomado por “In this view”.
❌ Categoria: Distorção de Sentido
Tipo: 11. Deslocamento Semântico
Erro B3GE™: A alternativa transforma a redefinição e ampliação dos papéis de professor e aluno em uma inversão absoluta de papéis. Além disso, introduz a ideia de desenvolvimento de vínculos cognitivos e afetivos mais profundos, elemento que não constitui o conteúdo específico retomado por “this view”.
🟢 Categoria: Correta
Tipo: 09. Conceptual Anaphora
Acerto B3GE™: Recupera corretamente a perspectiva encapsulada por “this view”: professor e aluno negociam conjuntamente os objetivos de aprendizagem e os caminhos para alcançá-los. A formulação é uma paráfrase semanticamente equivalente de “teacher and student negotiating learning goals and paths”.
❌ Categoria: Contradição Direta
Tipo: 06. Inversão de Relação Lógica
Erro B3GE™: A alternativa inverte a direção argumentativa do texto. Em vez de preservar os papéis tradicionais como objetivo, a discussão aponta para uma expansão da orientação tradicional e para uma redefinição das responsabilidades no processo de aprendizagem.
❌ Categoria: Falsa Associação
Tipo: 08. Deslocamento de Referente
Erro B3GE™: Desloca a função de counselor do professor para os learners tecnologicamente mais habilidosos. A alternativa confunde a competência tecnológica dos alunos com a função pedagógica de aconselhamento discutida no texto.
❌ Categoria: Extrapolação Factual
Tipo: 16. Inversão Argumentativa / Imposição Indevida
Erro B3GE™: Transforma a negociação entre professor e aluno em autonomia integral dos learners, eliminando a participação docente. O texto não propõe ausência do professor; propõe uma relação colaborativa na definição de objetivos e caminhos de aprendizagem.
Não apenas uma palavra: retoma uma perspectiva/concepção educacional apresentada discursivamente.
Teacher and student negotiating learning goals and paths.
Teachers and students negotiate the choice of learning aims and ways to achieve them.
Inversão absoluta de papéis, preservação do modelo tradicional, transferência do papel de counselor e autonomia sem participação docente não correspondem à perspectiva retomada.
this view → recuperar o conceito encapsulado → localizar a formulação original → testar a paráfrase → Option B.
Theme: 09. Textual Reference & Coreference
SILO 3 • Content Topic: 11. Education
Subtema Técnico: Identificação de anáfora conceitual em expressão demonstrativa que encapsula uma perspectiva pedagógica desenvolvida discursivamente e é recuperada por paráfrase.