P1 The Internet is believed to have much influence on foreign language syllabus design in the form that it may change the roles of the teacher as well as of the students insofar as some of the authority and power is transferred to the learners. First of all, it can be seen that the roles of the teacher as provider of information and the student as receptacle thereof have shifted radically. The students, through their self-access internet facilities, have access to huge amounts of information and, unlike the teacher, have more free time to explore it. With the Internet, learners will be more independent as active shapers of the knowledge they obtain and the information they process. This supports one of the ten principles on ESL critical pedagogy by Crookes and Lehner (1998), stating that “[T]he purpose of education is to develop critical thinking by presenting students’ situation to them as a problem so that they can perceive, reflect, and act on it” (p. 321). The Internet can be tremendously liberating for both teacher and students, and therefore significantly affects the syllabus of a course. P2 Second, in many cases students are IT (information technology) experts well ahead of their teachers, especially the senior ones. This entails the expanding responsibility that the teacher must have in encouraging students to think about what they are learning and why they are learning it. Also, students need to develop critical skills in order to use information fully and significantly, and teachers must be able to train them in these skills. Pennycook (2001) used the term critical literacy, proposing a new English curriculum in which students must develop not only knowledge of text content but also knowledge about texts and text genre. P3 Finally, the counseling role of the teacher is expanding as learners confront the need to make decisions about their learning. With the new role of language counseling, teachers must now expand the traditional guidance to incorporate a far greater number of tasks and a sequence in which they can be completed to best suit a student’s needs, in both cognitive and affective ways. In this view, “the teacher participates as a learner among learners” (Crookes & Lehner, 1998, p.321). In other words, language counseling involves teacher and student negotiating learning goals and paths. P4 In general, the Internet means very much to the learner-centred model because it is both a learning and a teaching tool. Laurillard (2008, p. 144) argued that technology is certainly part of the problem here, as it impacts increasingly on the conduct of education. It is new, ever-changing, expensive, difficult to master, complex to manage, wide-ranging in its potential, disruptive of existing systems. And although there is usually funding for the hardware and infrastructure, there has never been commensurate funding for staff development, training, content development and research so that teachers can appropriately incorporate internet-resources into their classroom syllabi. P5 Admittedly, there are some drawbacks and problems to consider when using the Internet in designing a syllabus. Anyway, it is clear if we are in favour of the argument that education must aim at teaching people to gather information from an extensive variety of sources, and to integrate what they have gathered into a coherent whole so that it becomes knowledge, then the Internet is a useful medium to achieve this aim. Therefore, language teachers ought to bear in mind the educational advantages and challenges of the Internet in order to regulate the teaching programmes to meet the learners’ needs.
🔗 Texto adaptado de:
NGUYEN, Long V. Technology-Enhanced EFL Syllabus Design and Materials Development. English Language Teaching, vol 1, n.2, December, 2008. www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/elt/article/view/465/475. Retrieved on August 29,2010.
In the sentence “…students are IT (information technology) experts well ahead of their teachers, especially the senior ones.” (lines 22-24), the word ‘ones’ is used in the same way as ‘one’ in
The young clown was awful; one felt embarrassed for him.
One of the senators will lead the group to the front of the podium.
He delivered the bulky package to one Ronald Pepin of Colchester.
The yellow sports car is fast, but I think the blue one is more likely to win.
The three twin brothers get along quite well; in fact they adore one another.
Cesgranrio • 2010 • SEPLAG (Pref. Salvador/BA) • Professor
Questão 43 • Gabarito: (D)
In the sentence “…students are IT (information technology) experts well ahead of their teachers, especially the senior ones.” (lines 22-24), the word ‘ones’ is used in the same way as ‘one’ in
(A) The young clown was awful; one felt embarrassed for him.
(B) One of the senators will lead the group to the front of the podium.
(C) He delivered the bulky package to one Ronald Pepin of Colchester.
(D) The yellow sports car is fast, but I think the blue one is more likely to win.
(E) The three twin brothers get along quite well; in fact they adore one another.
O desafio é separar esse uso substitutivo de outros empregos de one. Em A, one é pronome indefinido e significa uma pessoa/alguém. Em B, integra one of the senators, indicando uma unidade dentro de um conjunto. Em C, funciona como especificador indefinido diante de um nome próprio, com sentido de “um certo Ronald Pepin”. Em E, faz parte da expressão recíproca one another.
Em D, porém, “the blue one” substitui the blue car, retomando o substantivo contável car já recuperável pelo contexto. É exatamente o mesmo mecanismo de substituição nominal presente em the senior ones.
01. Comando (Command): identificar a alternativa em que “one” é usado da mesma forma que “ones” no fragmento apresentado.
02. Gatilho (Trigger): reconhecer “is used in the same way as” como direcionador para comparar a função gramatical e referencial de one/ones.
03. Operação (Operation): distinguir o uso substitutivo de one/ones de seus usos indefinido, numeral, especificador e recíproco.
04. Evidência (Evidence): localizar “the senior ones” e estabelecer que ones retoma anaforicamente o substantivo plural teachers, evitando sua repetição.
05. Discriminação (Discrimination): verificar se one retoma um substantivo contável previamente mencionado, ou se exerce outra função, como pronome indefinido, numeral, especificador ou parte de one another.
06. Validação (Validation): confirmar que “the blue one” retoma car em “the blue car” por substituição nominal, preservando o substantivo implícito, assim como “senior ones” retoma teachers.
07. Decisão (Decision): selecionar a alternativa D por apresentar o mesmo mecanismo de substituição nominal por one.
Classificação: Falsa Associação • Tipo: 03. Deslocamento de Classe Gramatical
Análise: One não substitui um substantivo antecedente específico. É usado como pronome indefinido, com sentido genérico de “uma pessoa” ou “alguém”. Portanto, não exerce a mesma função substitutiva de ones em “the senior ones”.
Classificação: Falsa Associação • Tipo: 03. Deslocamento de Classe Gramatical
Análise: Em one of the senators, one indica uma unidade dentro de um conjunto. Atua como numeral/quantificador, e não como pronome que substitui um substantivo previamente recuperável.
Classificação: Falsa Associação • Tipo: 03. Deslocamento de Classe Gramatical
Análise: Em one Ronald Pepin, one funciona como especificador indefinido diante de um nome próprio, apresentando a pessoa como “um certo Ronald Pepin”. Não substitui um substantivo antecedente.
Classificação: Correta • Tipo: 09. Pronoun & Relative Tracking
Análise: One funciona como pronome substitutivo e retoma car em “the blue car”. A palavra evita a repetição do substantivo contável e permite recuperar o referente pelo contexto. O mecanismo é paralelo a ones → teachers em “the senior ones”.
Classificação: Falsa Associação • Tipo: 03. Deslocamento de Classe Gramatical
Análise: One não exerce função substitutiva nesse caso. Ele integra a expressão pronominal recíproca “one another”, que expressa uma ação mútua entre os indivíduos mencionados.
Theme: 09. Textual Reference & Coreference
SILO 3 • Content Topic: 11. Education
Subtema Técnico: Identificação do uso substitutivo de one/ones como pronome nominal que retoma um substantivo contável recuperável pelo contexto e evita sua repetição.