P1 The Internet is believed to have much influence on foreign language syllabus design in the form that it may change the roles of the teacher as well as of the students insofar as some of the authority and power is transferred to the learners. First of all, it can be seen that the roles of the teacher as provider of information and the student as receptacle thereof have shifted radically. The students, through their self-access internet facilities, have access to huge amounts of information and, unlike the teacher, have more free time to explore it. With the Internet, learners will be more independent as active shapers of the knowledge they obtain and the information they process. This supports one of the ten principles on ESL critical pedagogy by Crookes and Lehner (1998), stating that “[T]he purpose of education is to develop critical thinking by presenting students’ situation to them as a problem so that they can perceive, reflect, and act on it” (p. 321). The Internet can be tremendously liberating for both teacher and students, and therefore significantly affects the syllabus of a course. P2 Second, in many cases students are IT (information technology) experts well ahead of their teachers, especially the senior ones. This entails the expanding responsibility that the teacher must have in encouraging students to think about what they are learning and why they are learning it. Also, students need to develop critical skills in order to use information fully and significantly, and teachers must be able to train them in these skills. Pennycook (2001) used the term critical literacy, proposing a new English curriculum in which students must develop not only knowledge of text content but also knowledge about texts and text genre. P3 Finally, the counseling role of the teacher is expanding as learners confront the need to make decisions about their learning. With the new role of language counseling, teachers must now expand the traditional guidance to incorporate a far greater number of tasks and a sequence in which they can be completed to best suit a student’s needs, in both cognitive and affective ways. In this view, “the teacher participates as a learner among learners” (Crookes & Lehner, 1998, p.321). In other words, language counseling involves teacher and student negotiating learning goals and paths. P4 In general, the Internet means very much to the learner-centred model because it is both a learning and a teaching tool. Laurillard (2008, p. 144) argued that technology is certainly part of the problem here, as it impacts increasingly on the conduct of education. It is new, ever-changing, expensive, difficult to master, complex to manage, wide-ranging in its potential, disruptive of existing systems. And although there is usually funding for the hardware and infrastructure, there has never been commensurate funding for staff development, training, content development and research so that teachers can appropriately incorporate internet-resources into their classroom syllabi. P5 Admittedly, there are some drawbacks and problems to consider when using the Internet in designing a syllabus. Anyway, it is clear if we are in favour of the argument that education must aim at teaching people to gather information from an extensive variety of sources, and to integrate what they have gathered into a coherent whole so that it becomes knowledge, then the Internet is a useful medium to achieve this aim. Therefore, language teachers ought to bear in mind the educational advantages and challenges of the Internet in order to regulate the teaching programmes to meet the learners’ needs.
🔗 Texto adaptado de:
NGUYEN, Long V. Technology-Enhanced EFL Syllabus Design and Materials Development. English Language Teaching, vol 1, n.2, December, 2008. www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/elt/article/view/465/475. Retrieved on August 29,2010.
In Text III, each paragraph can be identified with a specific purpose. The appropriate description of the paragraph’s intent is found in
Paragraph 1 (lines 1-21) ➔ Introduce the topic and inquire why teachers cannot be the only authority in the language classroom.
Paragraph 2 (lines 22-34) ➔ State the argument that teachers and learners should be encouraged to share equal responsibilities in terms of classroom discipline.
Paragraph 3 (lines 35-46) ➔ Contradict the previous argument with the idea of confronting the relationship between students and teachers in traditional learning experiences.
Paragraph 4 (lines 47-60) ➔ Add a criticism to the vast sums of money spent in hardware and infrastructure compared with the low investment in salaries.
Paragraph 5 (lines 61-73) ➔ Conclude the excerpt by advocating for the use of the Internet in the language classroom because the advantages seem to outnumber the drawbacks.
Cesgranrio • SEPLAG (Pref. Salvador/BA) • Professor
Questão 39 • Gabarito: (E)
In Text III, each paragraph can be identified with a specific purpose. The appropriate description of the paragraph’s intent is found in
(A) Paragraph 1 (lines 1-21) ➔ Introduce the topic and inquire why teachers cannot be the only authority in the language classroom.
(B) Paragraph 2 (lines 22-34) ➔ State the argument that teachers and learners should be encouraged to share equal responsibilities in terms of classroom discipline.
(C) Paragraph 3 (lines 35-46) ➔ Contradict the previous argument with the idea of confronting the relationship between students and teachers in traditional learning experiences.
(D) Paragraph 4 (lines 47-60) ➔ Add a criticism to the vast sums of money spent in hardware and infrastructure compared with the low investment in salaries.
(E) Paragraph 5 (lines 61-73) ➔ Conclude the excerpt by advocating for the use of the Internet in the language classroom because the advantages seem to outnumber the drawbacks.
O texto progride de uma discussão sobre a transformação dos papéis no ensino de línguas para os desafios associados ao uso da Internet e, finalmente, para uma avaliação global de sua utilidade como meio educacional.
O parágrafo 5 exerce claramente uma função de fechamento argumentativo: retoma os benefícios e os problemas discutidos anteriormente e conduz à conclusão de que, apesar das limitações, a Internet constitui um meio útil para alcançar determinados objetivos educacionais.
01. Comando (Command): identificar a descrição adequada da intenção específica de cada parágrafo do Text III.
02. Gatilho (Trigger): reconhecer “each paragraph can be identified with a specific purpose” e “appropriate description” como direcionadores para a análise da função retórica.
03. Operação (Operation): mapear a função discursiva de cada bloco textual e verificar sua contribuição para a progressão global do argumento.
04. Evidência (Evidence): observar a sequência estrutural do texto, desde a introdução e redefinição de papéis até a discussão dos desafios e a conclusão sobre o uso educacional da Internet.
05. Discriminação (Discrimination): distinguir introdução, desenvolvimento argumentativo, contraponto, crítica e conclusão, evitando atribuir a um parágrafo uma função que pertence a outro trecho.
06. Validação (Validation): confirmar que o parágrafo 5 retoma os benefícios e desafios discutidos anteriormente e conclui defendendo a utilidade da Internet no ensino de línguas.
07. Decisão (Decision): selecionar a alternativa E por apresentar corretamente a função conclusiva e a intenção argumentativa do parágrafo 5.
A alternativa identifica parcialmente o tema relacionado aos papéis de professores e alunos, mas atribui ao parágrafo 1 uma formulação específica — “why teachers cannot be the only authority” — que não corresponde à sua função efetiva. O trecho introduz e desenvolve a discussão sobre a transformação dos papéis no contexto da sala de aula, não uma simples indagação sobre a autoridade docente.
A alternativa atribui ao parágrafo 2 uma discussão sobre equal responsibilities in terms of classroom discipline. Entretanto, o foco do trecho está relacionado à competência tecnológica dos alunos e à responsabilidade do professor no desenvolvimento do pensamento crítico. A disciplina compartilhada não constitui a função específica desse parágrafo.
O parágrafo 3 não contradict the previous argument. Em vez disso, amplia a discussão sobre a redefinição dos papéis de professores e alunos, abordando aspectos como aconselhamento e negociação de objetivos. O erro está em transformar uma continuidade argumentativa em oposição lógica.
A alternativa reduz a crítica do parágrafo 4 à diferença entre grandes investimentos em hardware and infrastructure e baixos investimentos em salaries. O foco efetivo é mais amplo: envolve a insuficiência de investimento em desenvolvimento de pessoal, treinamento, produção de conteúdos e infraestrutura. Portanto, a alternativa restringe indevidamente o escopo da crítica.
A alternativa identifica corretamente o parágrafo 5 como fechamento retórico do texto. O trecho retoma os benefícios e desafios relacionados ao uso da Internet e conduz à conclusão de que ela é um meio útil para o ensino de línguas, pois, apesar dos drawbacks, suas vantagens parecem superar suas limitações.
Theme: 35. Text Organization and Structure
SILO 3 • Content Topic: 11. Education
Subtema Técnico: Identificação da função retórica e da intenção discursiva de cada parágrafo na progressão estrutural de um texto argumentativo.