Teacher sense of efficacy, defined as a teacher’s “judgment of his or her capabilities to bring about desired outcomes of student engagement and learning” (Tschannen-Moran & Hoy, 2001, p. 783), is [5] now regarded as a relevant variable in educational research, especially in relation to teacher performance and student achievement gains (Good & Brophy, 2003).
The strong link between this important construct [10] and student achievement has been demonstrated through many studies, mostly in mainstream education (e.g., Anderson, Greene, & Loewen, 1988; Ashton & Webb, 1986; Bandura, 1997; Good & Brophy, 2003; Midgley et al., 1989; Pajares, 1996; Schunk, 1991; [15] Zimmerman, 1995).
These studies have shown that teachers with a strong sense of efficacy take more risks, set higher standards for themselves and their students, and provide the potential for higher academic gains [20] among learners (Wood & Bandura, 1989). Teacher efficacy also has been shown to be related to many other behaviors that have the potential to impact student achievement. For instance, teacher efficacy has been shown to be strongly related to teachers’ [25] adoption of innovations (Gusky, 1988; Smylie, 1988) and classroom management strategies (Gibson & Dembo, 1984) which preserve student motivation and self-esteem, both with the possibility of being translated into more success for individual students.
[30] It is also argued that teacher efficacy may influence student achievement through teacher persistence (Good & Brophy, 2003). Teachers with high efficacy take responsibility for student learning and may view student failure as a push for greater effort to improve [35] achievement. These teachers spend more time monitoring and working with their students (through whole-group instruction, for example), providing the means for higher levels of student engagement. Efficacious teachers are more likely to implement [40] instructional strategies to enhance student learning, rather than just covering the curriculum. They also take more risks and have confidence in overcoming classroom challenges, which contributes to higher student achievement (Good & Brophy, 2003).
[45] In contrast, teachers with low efficacy feel they have only minimal influence on students’ learning outcomes. Such teachers give up more easily when confronted with difficult situations, are less resourceful, and often feel that students cannot learn [50] because of extenuating circumstances (Ashton & Webb, 1986; Bandura, 1997). Such teachers tend to create classroom cultures that “undermine students’ sense of efficacy and cognitive development” (Bandura, 1995, p. 20) and rely on extrinsic motivation [55] or punishment to get students to study. According to Hoy (2000), pre-service teachers with a low sense of teacher efficacy have an orientation toward control, take a pessimistic view of students’ motivation, and rely more on strict classroom regulations, extrinsic [60] rewards, and punishments to make students study. Teachers who lacked a secure sense of teacher efficacy were reported to “show weak commitment to teaching, spend less time in subject matters in their areas of perceived inefficacy, and devote less overall [65] time to academic matters” (Bandura, 1995, p. 20).
Teachers’ efficacy beliefs have also been studied with reference to their behavior in the classroom, which in turn helps students’ academic growth. Efficacy influences the effort teachers invest in [70] teaching, the goals they set for their classes, and their level of aspiration (Ware & Kitsantas, 2007); in addition, teachers with a strong sense of efficacy often tend to manifest greater levels of planning and organization (Allinder, 1994). They are also more [75] open to new ideas and tend to experiment with new methods and strategies to better meet the needs of their students (Berman, et al., 1977; Guskey, 1987; Stein & Wang, 1988). Furthermore, efficacy beliefs influence teachers’ persistence when things do not go [80] smoothly and enhance their resilience in the face of setbacks (Tschannen-Moran & Hoy, 2001).
Greater efficacy makes teachers less critical of students when they make errors (Ashton & Webb, 1986) and pushes them to work longer and better [85] with a student who is struggling (Gibson & Dembo, 1984). Teachers with a higher sense of efficacy show greater enthusiasm for and are more inclined towards teaching, feel more commitment to teaching and are more likely to stay in the profession (Burley, et al., 1991; Glickman & Tamashiro, 1982).
🔗 Texto adaptado de:
AKBARI, Ramin & ALLVAR, Nabi Karimi. L2 Teacher Characteristics as Predictors of Students’ Academic Achievement. TESL-EJ (The Electronic Journal for English as a Second Language), vol 13, n. 4, March 2010. http://www.tesl-ej.org/wordpress/issues/volume13/ej52/ej52a2/, Retrieved on August 11, 2010.
Albert Bandura, in an article published in 1993, states that some teachers are “… likely to visualize failure scenarios and dwell on the many things that can go wrong. It is difficult to achieve much while fighting self-doubt.”
BANDURA, A. Perceived Self-Efficacy in Cognitive Development and Functioning, Educational Psychologist, 28 (2), 1993, p.118.
This perspective can be linked to the main argument exposed in Text I in that
both the quote and Text I exclusively focus on teachers with low sense of efficacy.
both the quote and Text I concentrate on teachers with strong sense of efficacy.
both the quote and Text I expose the view of teachers who have strong commitment to teaching and learning.
the quote focuses on demanding teachers while Text I deals with students who impose high achievement standards on themselves.
the quote expresses a feature of low efficacy teachers, while Text I arguments for the relevance of a strong sense of efficacy among teachers.
Cesgranrio • SEPLAG (Pref. Salvador/BA) • Professor
Questão 35 • Gabarito: (E)
Albert Bandura, in an article published in 1993, states that some teachers are “…likely to visualize failure scenarios and dwell on the many things that can go wrong. It is difficult to achieve much while fighting self-doubt.”
BANDURA, A. Perceived Self-Efficacy in Cognitive Development and Functioning, Educational Psychologist, 28 (2), 1993, p.118.
This perspective can be linked to the main argument exposed in Text I in that
(A) both the quote and Text I exclusively focus on teachers with low sense of efficacy.
(B) both the quote and Text I concentrate on teachers with strong sense of efficacy.
(C) both the quote and Text I expose the view of teachers who have strong commitment to teaching and learning.
(D) the quote focuses on demanding teachers while Text I deals with students who impose high achievement standards on themselves.
(E) the quote expresses a feature of low efficacy teachers, while Text I arguments for the relevance of a strong sense of efficacy among teachers.
A citação descreve professores que tendem a “visualize failure scenarios”, concentrar-se no que pode dar errado e lutar contra “self-doubt”. Esses elementos caracterizam uma perspectiva associada à baixa autoeficácia: a pessoa antecipa o fracasso e apresenta dificuldade para agir diante da dúvida sobre suas próprias capacidades.
O Texto I, por sua vez, desenvolve a distinção entre professores com baixo e alto senso de eficácia e enfatiza a relevância de um forte senso de eficácia docente, relacionando-o a comportamentos e resultados mais positivos. Portanto, a conexão correta não significa que as duas fontes tratem exatamente do mesmo perfil de professor; a citação fornece uma característica do polo de baixa eficácia, enquanto o Texto I sustenta a importância do polo de alta eficácia.
01. Comando (Command): identificar como a perspectiva apresentada na citação de Bandura se relaciona ao argumento principal do Texto I.
02. Gatilho (Trigger): reconhecer “can be linked to the main argument exposed in Text I” como direcionador para estabelecer uma conexão entre duas fontes argumentativas.
03. Operação (Operation): inferir a relação conceitual entre os comportamentos associados à dúvida e ao fracasso na citação e a distinção entre baixa e alta eficácia apresentada no Texto I.
04. Evidência (Evidence): relacionar “visualize failure scenarios”, “things that can go wrong” e “self-doubt” às características de professores com low efficacy descritas no Texto I, como “minimal influence” e tendência a “give up more easily”.
05. Discriminação (Discrimination): distinguir a caracterização de baixa eficácia presente na citação da defesa, no Texto I, da relevância de um forte senso de eficácia.
06. Validação (Validation): confirmar que a citação exemplifica uma característica associada à baixa eficácia, enquanto o argumento central do Texto I destaca a importância de um forte senso de eficácia para o desempenho docente e os resultados dos estudantes.
07. Decisão (Decision): selecionar a alternativa E por estabelecer corretamente a relação entre a perspectiva de Bandura e o argumento principal do Texto I.
B3GE™ • Distorção de Escopo • 05. Declaração Absoluta / Extremismo Semântico
A palavra “exclusively” torna a afirmação excessivamente restritiva. A citação realmente apresenta uma característica associada à baixa eficácia, mas o Texto I não se limita exclusivamente a professores de baixa eficácia: ele também desenvolve as características e os efeitos associados à alta eficácia docente. A alternativa, portanto, reduz indevidamente o alcance argumentativo do texto.
B3GE™ • Contradição Direta • 06. Inversão de Relação Lógica
A alternativa atribui forte eficácia à citação, mas os elementos “visualize failure scenarios”, “things that can go wrong” e “self-doubt” apontam justamente para uma perspectiva associada à baixa autoeficácia. O sentido da citação é incompatível com a interpretação proposta.
B3GE™ • Falsa Associação • 11. Deslocamento Semântico
A alternativa associa a citação a professores com strong commitment to teaching and learning. Entretanto, a passagem de Bandura enfatiza antecipação de fracassos e luta contra a dúvida pessoal, e não comprometimento elevado com ensino e aprendizagem. A relação proposta não é sustentada pela evidência apresentada.
B3GE™ • Falsa Associação • 11. Deslocamento Semântico
A alternativa desloca o foco da citação para demanding teachers e atribui ao Texto I uma discussão sobre alunos que impõem altos padrões de realização a si mesmos. Entretanto, a conexão estabelecida pelas fontes é sobre autoeficácia docente, especialmente a relação entre baixa eficácia, dúvida e antecipação do fracasso e a relevância de uma forte eficácia.
B3GE™ • Correta • 33. Evidence-Based Inference
A alternativa estabelece corretamente a conexão entre as duas fontes. A citação expressa uma característica associada à low efficacy: visualizar cenários de fracasso, concentrar-se no que pode dar errado e lutar contra self-doubt. O Texto I, por sua vez, argumenta pela relevância de um strong sense of efficacy entre os professores. Gabarito: E.
A citação deve ser interpretada pelo conteúdo efetivamente apresentado: failure scenarios + things that can go wrong + self-doubt.
Esses elementos apontam para uma característica de low efficacy, permitindo relacionar a citação à distinção entre baixa e alta eficácia desenvolvida no Texto I.
O Texto I não se limita à descrição da baixa eficácia; seu argumento destaca a relevância de um strong sense of efficacy entre os professores.
Em questões de inference entre fontes, procure a conexão conceitual sustentada pelas evidências de cada fonte, evitando transformar uma característica de um polo da oposição em argumento exclusivo de toda a questão.
Theme: 33. Inference
SILO 3 • Content Topic: 11 – Education
Subtema Técnico: Inferência de conexão lógica entre uma perspectiva externa sobre baixa autoeficácia e o argumento central do texto sobre a relevância da forte autoeficácia docente.