Teacher sense of efficacy, defined as a teacher’s “judgment of his or her capabilities to bring about desired outcomes of student engagement and learning” (Tschannen-Moran & Hoy, 2001, p. 783), is [5] now regarded as a relevant variable in educational research, especially in relation to teacher performance and student achievement gains (Good & Brophy, 2003).
The strong link between this important construct [10] and student achievement has been demonstrated through many studies, mostly in mainstream education (e.g., Anderson, Greene, & Loewen, 1988; Ashton & Webb, 1986; Bandura, 1997; Good & Brophy, 2003; Midgley et al., 1989; Pajares, 1996; Schunk, 1991; [15] Zimmerman, 1995).
These studies have shown that teachers with a strong sense of efficacy take more risks, set higher standards for themselves and their students, and provide the potential for higher academic gains [20] among learners (Wood & Bandura, 1989). Teacher efficacy also has been shown to be related to many other behaviors that have the potential to impact student achievement. For instance, teacher efficacy has been shown to be strongly related to teachers’ [25] adoption of innovations (Gusky, 1988; Smylie, 1988) and classroom management strategies (Gibson & Dembo, 1984) which preserve student motivation and self-esteem, both with the possibility of being translated into more success for individual students.
[30] It is also argued that teacher efficacy may influence student achievement through teacher persistence (Good & Brophy, 2003). Teachers with high efficacy take responsibility for student learning and may view student failure as a push for greater effort to improve [35] achievement. These teachers spend more time monitoring and working with their students (through whole-group instruction, for example), providing the means for higher levels of student engagement. Efficacious teachers are more likely to implement [40] instructional strategies to enhance student learning, rather than just covering the curriculum. They also take more risks and have confidence in overcoming classroom challenges, which contributes to higher student achievement (Good & Brophy, 2003).
[45] In contrast, teachers with low efficacy feel they have only minimal influence on students’ learning outcomes. Such teachers give up more easily when confronted with difficult situations, are less resourceful, and often feel that students cannot learn [50] because of extenuating circumstances (Ashton & Webb, 1986; Bandura, 1997). Such teachers tend to create classroom cultures that “undermine students’ sense of efficacy and cognitive development” (Bandura, 1995, p. 20) and rely on extrinsic motivation [55] or punishment to get students to study. According to Hoy (2000), pre-service teachers with a low sense of teacher efficacy have an orientation toward control, take a pessimistic view of students’ motivation, and rely more on strict classroom regulations, extrinsic [60] rewards, and punishments to make students study. Teachers who lacked a secure sense of teacher efficacy were reported to “show weak commitment to teaching, spend less time in subject matters in their areas of perceived inefficacy, and devote less overall [65] time to academic matters” (Bandura, 1995, p. 20).
Teachers’ efficacy beliefs have also been studied with reference to their behavior in the classroom, which in turn helps students’ academic growth. Efficacy influences the effort teachers invest in [70] teaching, the goals they set for their classes, and their level of aspiration (Ware & Kitsantas, 2007); in addition, teachers with a strong sense of efficacy often tend to manifest greater levels of planning and organization (Allinder, 1994). They are also more [75] open to new ideas and tend to experiment with new methods and strategies to better meet the needs of their students (Berman, et al., 1977; Guskey, 1987; Stein & Wang, 1988). Furthermore, efficacy beliefs influence teachers’ persistence when things do not go [80] smoothly and enhance their resilience in the face of setbacks (Tschannen-Moran & Hoy, 2001).
Greater efficacy makes teachers less critical of students when they make errors (Ashton & Webb, 1986) and pushes them to work longer and better [85] with a student who is struggling (Gibson & Dembo, 1984). Teachers with a higher sense of efficacy show greater enthusiasm for and are more inclined towards teaching, feel more commitment to teaching and are more likely to stay in the profession (Burley, et al., 1991; Glickman & Tamashiro, 1982).
🔗 Texto adaptado de:
AKBARI, Ramin & ALLVAR, Nabi Karimi. L2 Teacher Characteristics as Predictors of Students’ Academic Achievement. TESL-EJ (The Electronic Journal for English as a Second Language), vol 13, n. 4, March 2010. http://www.tesl-ej.org/wordpress/issues/volume13/ej52/ej52a2/, Retrieved on August 11, 2010.
In Text I, the authors aim to
discuss the many issues and strategies that can be risky in educating children.
defend that teachers alone are not responsible for their students’ achievements.
justify why students fail in schools where teachers are hired exclusively for their qualifications.
report on a study of pre-service teachers who are very critical about students’ motivation.
sustain that teachers’ feelings of professional success have an impact on students’ academic results.
Cesgranrio • SEPLAG (Pref. Salvador/BA) • Professor
Questão 26 • Gabarito: (E)
In Text I, the authors aim to
(A) discuss the many issues and strategies that can be risky in educating children.
(B) defend that teachers alone are not responsible for their students’ achievements.
(C) justify why students fail in schools where teachers are hired exclusively for their qualifications.
(D) report on a study of pre-service teachers who are very critical about students’ motivation.
(E) sustain that teachers’ feelings of professional success have an impact on students’ academic results.
A evidência central está na relação entre "teacher sense of efficacy" e "student achievement gains", apresentada nas linhas 4–8. O texto estabelece, portanto, uma conexão entre a percepção de eficácia profissional dos professores e os resultados acadêmicos dos estudantes. A alternativa correta realiza uma paráfrase dessa relação ao utilizar "teachers’ feelings of professional success" e "students’ academic results".
O principal desafio consiste em separar a ideia central de informações secundárias. As alternativas A, C e D introduzem ou ampliam elementos específicos que não representam o propósito global do texto, enquanto B altera a relação lógica apresentada. A alternativa E, ao contrário, preserva o eixo argumentativo fundamental e o apresenta em formulação semanticamente equivalente.
01. Comando (Command): Identificar o objetivo central dos autores no Texto I, procurando a formulação que representa o propósito global da produção textual.
02. Gatilho (Trigger): Reconhecer "the authors aim to" como marcador linguístico de propósito global, direcionando a busca para a finalidade central do texto.
03. Operação (Operation): Identificar a ideia nuclear que organiza o texto e separá-la de estudos específicos, exemplos e informações secundárias.
04. Evidência (Evidence): Localizar a relação entre "teacher sense of efficacy" e "student achievement gains", apresentada nas linhas 4–8, como núcleo semântico da argumentação.
05. Discriminação (Discrimination): Rejeitar alternativas que introduzem temas fora do escopo, alteram a relação lógica ou transformam evidências secundárias em propósito global, distinguindo-as da síntese abrangente apresentada em E.
06. Validação (Validation): Confirmar a equivalência semântica entre "teacher’s sense of efficacy" e "teachers’ feelings of professional success", bem como entre "student achievement gains" e "students’ academic results".
07. Decisão (Decision): Selecionar a alternativa E, pois ela reproduz de forma abrangente e semanticamente equivalente o propósito central identificado no Texto I e confirmado pelas evidências textuais.
Tipo B3GE: 01. Fora do Escopo
Introduz questões e estratégias relacionadas à educação infantil que não constituem o núcleo temático do Texto I. O foco da questão está na relação entre a autoeficácia docente e os resultados acadêmicos dos estudantes.
Tipo B3GE: 06. Inversão de Relação Lógica
Afirma que os professores não são, sozinhos, responsáveis pelos resultados dos alunos. A formulação desloca a relação central apresentada no texto, que associa a percepção de eficácia profissional docente aos ganhos de desempenho dos estudantes.
Tipo B3GE: 01. Fora do Escopo
Introduz uma relação entre critérios de contratação docente e fracasso escolar que não corresponde ao propósito global do texto. O item desloca a análise para uma condição de contratação que não organiza a argumentação central.
Tipo B3GE: 04. Deslocamento de Escopo
Transforma um estudo específico envolvendo pre-service teachers em propósito global do texto. O item confunde evidência secundária com ideia central e restringe indevidamente o alcance da discussão.
Tipo B3GE: 32. Overall Purpose (Item Correto)
Sintetiza corretamente a ideia central do Texto I. Teachers’ feelings of professional success recupera a noção de autoeficácia docente, enquanto students’ academic results corresponde aos resultados acadêmicos dos estudantes. A alternativa reproduz a relação fundamental que estrutura o texto.
O Filtro do Detalhe Secundário (🔎): Estudos específicos, grupos de participantes e exemplos podem aparecer no texto sem constituírem sua ideia central. A alternativa correta precisa abranger o eixo argumentativo, sem transformar uma evidência particular no propósito global.
O Filtro da Equivalência Semântica (⚖️): A Cesgranrio pode substituir a terminologia original por uma paráfrase semanticamente equivalente. Aqui, teacher’s sense of efficacy é recuperado por teachers’ feelings of professional success, enquanto student achievement gains é retomado como students’ academic results.
Taxonomia Core: 32. Main Idea
SILO 3 (Macrotema): 11. Education
Subtema Técnico: Identificação do propósito global do texto a partir de sua ideia central sobre a relação entre a autoeficácia docente e os resultados acadêmicos dos estudantes.