CESGRANRIO 2026 • Inglês • Fundação Osório • Questão 45 • Professor

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B3GE™ • Questão Comentada
CESGRANRIO 2026 • Questão Comentada
Inglês • Fundação Osório • Professor • Prova 6
45
B3GE™ • Concursos Públicos Questão
CESGRANRIO 2026 • Inglês • Fundação Osório • Professor
🎯 ELT Methodology | 47. Pronunciation | 10. Human Rights & Diversity
Text II
De-encapsulated Bilingual Education in Brazil:
Multicultural Breakfasts and Translanguaging Kids

1        In Brazil, when we talk about bilingual education, we are talking about two very different realities. Children and youth from minoritarian and underprivileged groups such as immigrant, indigenous or deaf communities make up one group, as Antonieta Megale (2019) points out. The other is children of wealthy people who learn another language to further enhance their privileged participation in society. Brazilians seem to cultivate a notion of monolingualism and, although there are more than 200 languages spoken in the country (Maher, 2013), they seem to be made invisible, which reinforces a denial of cultural diversity in the country (Monte Mór, 2002). We believe that education should provide expansive new modes of effective participation in society to offer students the chance to increasingly develop forms of insertion in the world and means to transform their mobility. The expansion of mobility should imply the creation of language practices at school which can lead to the reflection of life through a large range of possibilities of understanding concepts, content and knowledge through diverse sources as well as through various semiotic resources and multiple languages. As part of the Global South, Brazilians must figure out ways of teaching in a multilingual perspective to lessen human suffering, as suggested by Ofelia García (2019). Thus, bilingual education in Brazil should involve breaking
with modules imposed by educational parameters or cultural biases, which impose a mono-ideology that makes it difficult to move in the direction of a multi/intercultural perspective. Turning to the challenges presented by globalization, especially in a country with extreme social differences such as Brazil, we must become critically aware of the ways in which schools position themselves regarding local and global issues. When teaching and learning practices enable connections between such issues and the learners’ different realities and needs, change and transformation are more likely to occur.
2        Aiming at showing how some schools in Brazil are striving to implement multicultural and multilingual practices, distancing themselves from the prescribed curriculum and the traditional separation between languages, we will describe an example taken from Multicultural Breakfasts, a research project carried out at Esfera Escola Internacional, a bilingual school in São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil. The methodology was based on critical collaborative research (Magalhães, 2011), in which researchers are included as active participants in the search for shared solutions. Discourse analysis was used to reveal how language was materialized in the participant’s interactions. Although the majority of the students at Esfera are Brazilian, about 15% are from other countries, thus creating a diverse linguistic landscape. Four teachers, coordinators and students made up the research group for the year. The school follows an inquiry-based curriculum, which is organized through transdisciplinary projects in the primary years. To begin their inquiries and provoke questions for exploration, the students read migration stories of children from around the world. They later explored their own family stories of travel and change, and connected them to how the Brazilian people were formed. Making room for further questioning and critical thinking, the students also looked at how migration movements have been affecting people and places in Brazil and the world today. As a performance task, the students invited their parents to breakfast at school, with typical dishes from their countries of origin, and presented their new understandings using different resources and the languages of their preference.
3        The Multicultural Breakfasts’ example helps us understand how dynamic language practices and de-encapsulation can support teaching and learning, while also enabling agency and social transformation. Ofelia García (2009, p. 9) asserts that “Bilingual education in the twenty-first century must be reimagined and expanded, as it takes its rightful place as a meaningful way to educate all children and language learners in the world today.” She proposes that the dynamic language practices that take place in the social environment should have a place in bilingual schools, to enhance learning and transform conditions of social injustice. The complex networks of language practices in which children interact today are no longer supported by linear language instruction. Knowing how to interact dynamically and collaboratively in this new reality is a challenge faced by the new generations and, consequently, a goal for bilingual schools. The traditional notions of languages as distinct and pure systems should be replaced by fluid visions of language for a society in constant movement, as pointed out by Jan Blommaert (2012). When two or more people who don’t share a common language interact, they sometimes rely on language fragments or diverse semiotic resources to communicate. There is a scenario of intense mixture of languages, in which different repertoires are necessary.
4        Similarly, the dynamic framework (García, 2009) considers language as repertoire, created through the lived experience of language (Busch, 2012; 2015). It presupposes language not as something one owns, but as something one does. In this perspective, interaction is based on the integration and not separation of languages and resources, an understanding associated with the notion of translanguaging. In the Multicultural Breakfasts sessions, translanguaging is made visible through the various resources mentioned by participants in their
interaction with researchers, including, for instance, the use of technology to assist communication and understanding. Translanguaging is characterized by the interconnected ways in which individuals select and use their language resources from a unitary linguistic repertoire to negotiate and create meaning. Translanguaging can be understood both as a theoretical lens and a pedagogical approach, when teachers intentionally plan for and use fluid language practices in the classroom. In this sense, translanguaging also lends itself to de-encapsulation, according to Sara Vogel and Ofelia García (2017).
5        The distance between how the curriculum is presented in schools and how it can be explored in real life has motivated studies in the field of de-encapsulation (Liberali et al., 2015, Liberali, 2019b). Traditionally, schoolwork generates individual changes in ways of knowing and being. From the perspective of de-encapsulation, these changes occur collectively and through a variety of cultural artifacts. This process of de-encapsulation allows for school curriculum to be understood as opportunities for problem posing and solving, creating enhanced possibilities for learning outside of the disciplines, the teaching resources and the school itself (Liberali 2019a, 2019b). De-encapsulation builds on the notion of an ecology of knowledges (Santos, 2006) as central to environments where creativity, innovation and transformation flourish. De-encapsulated practices challenge pre-established truths and value multiculturalism, through an open and continuous process of construction and deconstruction, which results from the interactions between people of different cultural backgrounds. It is not limited to the acceptance of various cultures but is characterized by a movement of appreciation and approximation between them, a disposition which should also be addressed in schools (Freire, 2003). The Multicultural Breakfasts project can be viewed through the lens of de-encapsulation, as it aimed to approximate learners to the real world, through events that connected to the reasons for exploration and immigration. While exploring these concepts collaboratively, learners also learned about the formation of the Brazilian people and addressed national standards. De-encapsulation is not only about creating context and connection, but also how different perspectives are valued, in an intentional effort to create meaning and enable agency and transformation.

🔗 Texto adaptado de:
🔗 CLEMENSHA, S.; LIBERALI, F. De-encapsulated Bilingual Education in Brazil: Multicultural Breakfasts and Translanguaging Kids. ReVista, 19 (2), 2020. Available at: https:// revista.drclas.harvard.edu/de-encapsulated-bilingual-education-in-brazil. Retrieved on: January 6, 2026.

The pronunciation of the -s morpheme in plural nouns varies according to the final sound of the word stem. Considering these words taken from Text II, the only one in which the final -s should be pronounced as a separate syllable, i.e. [əz], is

A

issues

B

cultures

C

modules

D

languages

E

perspectives

📊 Revisão da questão
B3GE™ Simulados • Concursos Públicos • Inglês
Questão 45 • Gabarito: (D)
Enunciado:

The pronunciation of the -s morpheme in plural nouns varies according to the final sound of the word stem. Considering these words taken from Text II, the only one in which the final -s should be pronounced as a separate syllable, i.e. [əz], is
🔎 Leitura Orientada
A questão avalia a competência de Pronúncia (Pronunciation). O candidato precisa dominar as regras fonológicas da língua inglesa aplicadas à realização morfofonêmica do sufixo plural -s, identificando os ambientes fonéticos específicos que exigem a criação de uma sílaba adicional.

Para resolver este tipo de item com máxima precisão, é necessário mapear o fonema final do radical (word stem) antes da adição do plural:
Radical com som Sibilante (/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/) ───► Sufixo Plural = Sílaba Extra [əz] ou /ɪz/
A engenharia de distratores da banca atua utilizando o **Eco Vocabular** e distorções gráficas, aproveitando-se do fato de que todas as opções terminam visualmente com a letra -s. O objetivo é confundir o leitor que não realiza a leitura fonética do radical e confia apenas no escaneamento visual da terminação das palavras.
🟢 GABARITO VERDÃO: (D)
A alternativa (D) atende perfeitamente ao critério fonológico solicitado. O radical da palavra language termina no fonema sibilante /dʒ/ (um som de africada palatoalveolar sonora). De acordo com as leis morfofonêmicas da língua inglesa, quando o radical de um substantivo termina em um som sibilante, a desinência de plural obrigatoriamente se realiza como uma sílaba independente e extra, pronunciada como [əz] ou /ɪz/, alterando a contagem silábica do vocábulo (lan-guage = 2 sílabas; lan-guag-es = 3 sílabas).
🧠 Regra B3GE™:
Em itens sobre a pronúncia do plural em -s, ignore a grafia e **foque estritamente no som final da palavra no singular**. Se o último som for um "chiado" ou "sopro" sibilante (/s, z, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/), o plural ganhará o som de "iz/ez" e formará uma nova sílaba. Para quaisquer outros sons (vogais ou consoantes não sibilantes), o -s se fundirá à última sílaba existente como som de /s/ ou /z/, sem abrir uma nova emissão de voz.
📝 Análise das alternativas
(A) ❌
Distrator 11 — Distorção de Sentido.
A alternativa seleciona issues falhando no julgamento da regra fonológica pura. Embora a grafia da palavra termine em duplo -s e a vogal final possa confundir o candidato, o radical (issue) termina foneticamente no som vocálico /uː/. Como o plural de radicais terminados em vogal é realizado com o som de /z/ sem criar uma nova emissão vocálica, a contagem silábica se mantém inalterada, distorcendo o comando da questão.
(B) ❌
Distrator 12 — Eco Vocabular.
A opção traz a palavra cultures para capturar o candidato pelo eco visual da terminação -s. Contudo, do ponto de vista fonético, o radical singular culture termina no som consonantal /ə(r)/. Como esse fonema não faz parte da categoria dos sons sibilantes, a desinência de plural assume o som puro de /z/ acoplado à última sílaba, sem abertura de uma sílaba extra.
(C) ❌
Distrator 12 — Eco Vocabular.
O erro aqui reside em selecionar modules baseado unicamente no aspecto ortográfico do sufixo plural. O fonema final do radical module é a consoante lateral /l/. Como as consoantes não sibilantes sonoras exigem que a terminação -s seja lida como /z/ sem acréscimo de vogal de apoio, o vocábulo não desenvolve uma estrutura silábica autônoma para o morfema.
(D) 🟢 GABARITO VERDÃO
Competência avaliada: 47. Pronunciation.
Esta alternativa gabarita o item com precisão cirúrgica. O radical nominal no singular language termina no fonema sibilante africado palatoalveolar sonoro /dʒ/. De acordo com as leis morfofonêmicas estáveis da língua inglesa, qualquer termo cujo radical termine em som sibilante (/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/) exige que o morfema de plural -s seja realizado foneticamente como [əz] ou /ɪz/, gerando uma sílaba a mais na pronúncia global da palavra.

O batimento organizacional do texto consolida-se assim:
Language (Termina em /dʒ/) ───► Plural +s ───► Pronúncia [əz] / Sílaba Extra
(E) ❌
Distrator 12 — Eco Vocabular.
A banca tenta induzir o erro oferecendo perspectives, que também apresenta a terminação gráfica -es. No entanto, analisando o som final do radical perspective, identifica-se a consoante oclusiva sorda /v/ (ou foneticamente desvozeada antes do plural). Por se tratar de um som não sibilante, o morfema de plural assume a realização simples de /s/, sem adicionar qualquer núcleo silábico novo à palavra.
🧠 Resumo B3GE™ Master
Itens de fonologia e morfofonêmica de alto nível exigem o isolamento completo da ortografia para evitar as armadilhas de eco visual. Avalie as três realizações possíveis para o morfema plural -s:
Realização /s/: Ocorre após sons consonantais surdos não sibilantes (ex: /p/, /t/, /k/, /f/, /θ/).
Realização /z/: Ocorre após sons sonoros não sibilantes, incluindo vogais e consoantes sonoras (ex: /b/, /d/, /ɡ/, /v/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /r/ e vogais).
Realização [əz] ou /ɪz/ (Cria Sílaba Extra): Exclusiva para radicais terminados em sons sibilantes, que geram fricção ou chiado (/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/).
Portanto, a alternativa (D) sobressai-se como o único vocábulo que altera sua estrutura de partição silábica devido à regra de sibilância.
🏛️ Classificação B3GE™ Final
SILO 2 — Linguístico
thematic: ELT Methodology
theme: 47. Pronunciation
Peça Operativa Principal: Plural Morpheme Pronunciation / Sibilant Sound Rules / Syllable Count Variance

SILO 3 — Contextual
contentTopic: 10. Human Rights & Diversity
subtheme: Plural -s Pronunciation and Final Sound Rules
🎯 Justificativa B3GE™

O item afere a proficiência fonológica e o domínio linguístico das desinências morfológicas da língua inglesa, categorizado no tema 47. Pronunciation do SILO 2. A correta resolução do problema exige do candidato o descarte da representação puramente visual/ortográfica das palavras e a aplicação sistemática das regras de sandhi e morfofonologia do morfema de plural -s. Os distratores B, C e E empregam consistentemente o mecanismo de Eco Vocabular, apresentando substantivos plurais comuns cujos radicais terminam em sons não sibilantes sonoros ou surdos (/ə(r)/, /l/, /v/), nos quais o plural não constitui uma sílaba a mais. O distrator A opera uma distorção de sentido ao induzir dúvida por conta de sua grafia terminada em -s. A alternativa (D) sustenta-se como a única correta, uma vez que o radical de languages encerra-se no fonema africado sibilante /dʒ/, disparando a regra de inserção da vogal epentética e criando uma sílaba independente.
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